Depending on where you read, the answer is as clear as mud. News out of Egypt and other Muslim countries paint a less than rosy picture of the fate of Christians. There has been killing, looting, destruction of churches, homes and businesses while Christians flee in droves for anywhere else to live. What is causing this exodus of Christians and are the stories we hear about this terrible persecution true?
Decide for yourself.
Enjoy.
Are Christians being persecuted by Islam?
As a non-Muslim in a Muslim land, the “dhimmi”, or second-class citizen is restricted in many ways. Behavior, manner of dress, worshipping, business and other regulations are all designed to make sure the dhimmi understands and knows their place while living among the people of the “religion of peace”.
The Pact of Umar, a peace accord between the caliph Umar and the Christians of Syria, Iraq, the land of Palestine, Persia and Egypt was the first definitive ruling on the status of non-Muslims in a Muslim land. As Christians were the dominate group in the Middle East for decades after the death of Muhammad and in the foreign lands conquered by Muslims, it was important to lay the ground rules for the interaction between the Muslim and the kuffir.
It was the intention of the caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab to make it easy for non-Muslims to be identified, controlled and subjugated, thus the pact between Muslims and Christians. Today, the Pact of Umar is the guidebook for how Muslims are to treat non-believers in every aspect.
The Pact is widely disputed by both Islamic and Western scholars, one main claim being that the pact was written and attributed to Umar up to two hundred years after his death, in the belief that it would legitimize what was seen as a forgery and to bolster its weight among Islamic scholars of the day. However, it is Ibn Kathir, an Islamic exegist of the medieval era and one of the most recognized and respected narrator of hadiths who wrote that the Pact of Umar stipulated “conditions that ensured [the] continued humiliation, degradation and disgrace” of the People of the Book (Tafsir Ibn Kathir, 9:29) Kathir’s statement can only be proved false if the Pact itself can be proven false. The disagreement over how factual and correct the Pact is continues but the point remains; virtually all main schools of Islamic jurisprudence (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi and Hanbali) as well as Al-Azhar University in Cairo, seat of Sunni law uphold the Pact as right and correct. Whether or not the Pact is a forgery, or written 200 years after Umar to bolster Islamic hegemony remains a moot point. There is little strong evidence that the Pact is fake, the only evidence cited by modern scholars is the Omari Treaty, which appears to contradict the Pact.
The Omari treaty came about after Islam entered Jerusalem and around the same time the Pact of Umar was said to be issued. Abu Ubaydah came as a spokesman for Khattab, asking all residents to accept Khattab as their new emir, or leader. This Omari Treaty contained a clause directed at non-Muslims (specifically Christians) which says, in part;
“Their churches are not to be taken, nor are they to be destroyed, nor are they to be degraded or belittled, neither are their crosses or their money, and they are not to be forced to change their religion, nor is any one of them to be harmed.” Sounds like it directly challenges the Pact and allows for Christians to live as equals to Muslims. The reality is different if we read a little further on;
“No Jews are to live with them (Muslims) in Illyaa’ and it is required of the people of Illyaa’ to pay the Jizya, like the people of the cities. It is also required of them to remove the Romans from the land…” The jizya is a tax on non-Muslims that pays for their protection, similar to extortion money by the Mafia that would protect your business from suffering an “accident.” The admonition that required Christians to remove the Romans was a win-win for Islam; let Christians die in battle against the enemy of Islam instead of Muslim soldiers, proving their fealty to Islam. The Omari Treaty did not specify the same kind of degradation of Christians that the Pact did, but the paying of the jizya is a very important aspect of the distinction Islam makes between the rightly guided Muslim and the infidel Christian. If we look at the Qur’an and sura 9 verse 29 it specifically states that the jizya must be paid as protection, and that the payment must make the infidel feel humbled and subjugated “Fight against such of those who have been given the Scripture as believe not in Allah nor the Last Day, and forbid not that which Allah hath forbidden by His messenger, and follow not the Religion of Truth, until they pay the tribute readily, being brought low” The jizya is meant to degrade and humiliate non-Muslims and is a constant reminder that the life of the dhimmi is always at the whim and mercy of the Muslim. Whether or not the Pact or the treaty are historically accurate today is the lesser point; Christians and Jews in Muslim countries are treated in a manner consistent with the Pact of Umar and not the Omari Treaty, and the Pact is held as strong and correct by a majority of Islamic scholars and institutions. Until and unless Islam opens the gate of ijtihad (reform) the Pact of Umar will continue to be used as a persecution method for those who refuse to convert to Islam.
Below is the Omari Treaty from http://www.muslimwiki.com/mw/index.php/Umari_Treaty
In the name of Allah, the Most Merciful, the Beneficent.
This is what the slave of Allah, Umar b.Al-Khattab, the Amir of the believers, has offered the people of Illyaa’[1] of security granting them Amaan (protection) for their selves, their money, their churches, their children, their lowly and their innocent, and the remainder of their people.
Their churches are not to be taken, nor are they to be destroyed, nor are they to be degraded or belittled, neither are their crosses or their money, and they are not to be forced to change their religion, nor is any one of them to be harmed.
No Jews are to live with them in Illyaa’ and it is required of the people of Illyaa’ to pay the Jizya, like the people of the cities. It is also required of them to remove the Romans from the land; and whoever amongst the people of Illyaa’ that wishes to depart with their selves and their money with the Romans, leaving their trading goods and children behind, then their selves, their trading goods and their children are secure until they reach their destination.
Upon what is in this book is the word of Allah, the covenant of His Messenger, of the Khulafaa’ and of the believers if they (the people of Illyaa’) gave what was required of them of Jizya.
The witnesses upon this were Khalid b. Al-Walid, ‘Amr b. Al-‘Aas, ‘Abdul-Rahman b. ‘Awf and Mu’awiyah b. Abi Sufyan. Written and passed on the 15th year (after Hijrah).
Next is the Pact of Umar from http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/pact-umar.html My comments are interspersed where appropriate.
The Pact of Umar
We heard from ‘Abd al-Rahman ibn Ghanam [died 78/697] as follows: When Umar ibn al-Khattab, may God be pleased with him, accorded a peace to the Christians of Syria, we wrote to him as follows:
In the name of God, the Merciful and Compassionate. This is a letter to the servant of God Umar [ibn al-Khattab], Commander of the Faithful, from the Christians of such-and-such a city. When you came against us, we asked you for safe-conduct (aman) for ourselves, our descendants, our property, and the people of our community, and we undertook the following obligations toward you:
We shall not build, in our cities or in their neighborhood, new monasteries, Churches, convents, or monks’ cells, nor shall we repair, by day or by night, such of them as fall in ruins or are situated in the quarters of the Muslims.
Saudi Arabia is the best example of this aspect of the pact, as they do not allow new churches to be built, or old ones renovated. (http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/03/destroy-all-the-churches-saudi-arabias-poor-treatment-of-christians/254650/)
We shall keep our gates wide open for passersby and travelers. We shall give board and lodging to all Muslims who pass our way for three days.
Not the other way around, though.
We shall not give shelter in our churches or in our dwellings to any spy, nor bide him from the Muslims.
We shall not teach the Qur’an to our children.
The Bible is illegal in 51 countries, the majority of them being Muslim.
We shall not manifest our religion publicly nor convert anyone to it. We shall not prevent any of our kin from entering Islam if they wish it.
Yet it is apostasy to convert from Islam to any other religion, on pain of death (http://www.persecution.org/2012/06/06/muslims-slaughter-convert-to-christianity-in-tunisia/)
We shall show respect toward the Muslims, and we shall rise from our seats when they wish to sit.
We shall not seek to resemble the Muslims by imitating any of their garments, the qalansuwa, the turban, footwear, or the parting of the hair. We shall not speak as they do, nor shall we adopt their kunyas.
We shall not mount on saddles, nor shall we gird swords nor bear any kind of arms nor carry them on our- persons.
No way for the dhimmi to protect themselves or their families, making it easier for Muslims to abuse the dhimmi.
We shall not engrave Arabic inscriptions on our seals.
We shall not sell fermented drinks.
No alcohol. If it is banned by Islam it is forbidden to all.
We shall clip the fronts of our heads.
The dhimmi must have short hair.
We shall always dress in the same way wherever we may be, and we shall bind the zunar round our waists.
All non-Muslims must wear a belt and wear the same style clothes. These are Identifying marks like the Nazi yellow star.
We shall not display our crosses or our books in the roads or markets of the Muslims. We shall use only clappers in our churches very softly. We shall not raise our voices when following our dead. We shall not show lights on any of the roads of the Muslims or in their markets. We shall not bury our dead near the Muslims.
Keep a low profile and you might survive another day.
We shall not take slaves who have been allotted to Muslims.
We shall not build houses overtopping the houses of the Muslims.
Nothing taller than a Muslim home or mosque.
(When I brought the letter to Umar, may God be pleased with him, he added, “We shall not strike a Muslim.”)
We accept these conditions for ourselves and for the people of our community, and in return we receive safe-conduct.
If we in any way violate these undertakings for which we ourselves stand surety, we forfeit our covenant [dhimma], and we become liable to the penalties for contumacy and sedition.
Umar ibn al-Khittab replied: Sign what they ask, but add two clauses and impose them in addition to those which they have undertaken. They are: “They shall not buy anyone made prisoner by the Muslims,” and “Whoever strikes a Muslim with deliberate intent shall forfeit the protection of this pact.”
from Al-Turtushi, Siraj al-Muluk, pp. 229-230.
Clearly the Pact of Umar is intended to subjugate non-Muslims, but if it is a false document how do modern scholars both Muslim and non-Muslim reconcile the fact that the rules in the Pact are being used today to enslave or murder Christians in Islamic lands? In Egypt, Libya, Yemen, Algeria, Saudi Arabia and Tunisia one can see how the Pact is being implemented, with Coptic Christians being systematically slaughtered in the name of Allah, churches burned down and Christian homes destroyed while the people are driven off their lands. January of this year the Telegraph published another article on the plight, and flight of tens of thousands of Copts out of Egypt due to the rapidly Islamization of the land of the Pharaohs. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/9798777/Egypts-Coptic-Christians-fleeing-country-after-Islamist-takeover.html Syrian Christians are fleeing in droves into Russia (http://www.copticworld.org/articles/1758/) but not exclusively because of the war between the FSA and Assad. As bad as Assad is he did not persecute Christians (as a rule) because they were Christian, but the rebels, including the Al Nour group are reported to be enforcing parts of the Pact by threatening to, or actually slaughtering any non-Muslim they find. Libya as well is experiencing a rise in Islamic violence against Christians (http://www.ibtimes.com/libyas-christians-face-rise-deadly-extremism-984492) although Libya has a broader history of living together with other religions in harmony than do other North African nations (at least so far). However the rise in Islamic fundamentalism after the “Arab Spring” is showing itself to be less than tolerant of anything non-Islamic.
Western societies are coming under the influence of the Pact also; witness Dearborn, Michigan where for the past three years Christians have attended the annual Dearborn Arab Street Fair, only to be arrested and their rights to free speech and free assembly taken away, all because they were seen as “instigators” of friction between Muslims at the fair and Christians because they dared to talk about the Bible and Jesus to Muslims. See this video from Answering Muslims and understand that the police chief of Dearborn is a Muslim, as is the majority of the city council (http://www.answeringmuslims.com/2010/06/arrested-for-being-christian-preachers.html)
There is a growing trend within Western countries that have close to 5% Muslim population where Muslims are demanding more rights under sharia, more Islamic control and less infidel presence. Slowly the words of caliph Umar are insinuating themselves within Western culture, creating more conflict, friction and uneasiness. As the Muslim population grows, so will the demand for more concessions to Muslim sensibilities. As Islam makes more inroads the call for change into a more Muslim-tolerant society will get louder and more strident. It has already happened in England, there are now areas that are “sharia-compliant” and signs warning people of what is not tolerated (http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2019547/Anjem-Choudary-Islamic-extremists-set-Sharia-law-zones-UK-cities.html) Since the government has not shown a strong hand in quashing this act of revolution, there is every reason to believe that there is a self-imposed political correctness hanging over Parliament that does not allow for criticism of Muslims. If there is to be a way to beat the ever-increasing creep of dhimmi status into Western culture, the behavior of the British administration is not the example to follow. Changes must come from within Islam itself. Infidels, or kuffir as we are called in Arabic can no more affect the directional change of Islam than can we empty Niagra Falls with a Dixie cup.
The pact of Umar resonates today within Islam as it places restrictions on anything which will show Islam to be equal to any other belief system. By being the good and faithful dhimmi, we acquiesce to the pact and thus legitimize it as something to be held in esteem by Muslims. Islam does not need us to be this way, but it does make it easier for Muslims to subjugate and then destroy that which is seen as evil and against Allah.
Many scholars within Islam today maintain that the pact of Umar is valid and applicable to all. This is true, and can be seen vividly in places as Saudi Arabia, Iran, Yemen and other Islamic enclaves. Is it real or a fake, and did the Omari Treaty abrogate the Pact of Umar? Whatever the truth, there is no doubt that Islamic scholars, clerics and respected houses of jurisprudence agree that non-Muslims are not deserving of equal status in Muslim countries. Not all Muslims feel this way, but when Christians or Jews are subjugated you can bet the Pact of Umar is not far beneath the surface.